Difference Betwixt Psyche In Addition To Secondary Information Inward Xvi Points

Difference betwixt primary in addition to secondary data

The divergence betwixt primary in addition to secondary information is equally follows.

Image credits © Gaurav Akrani.

Following points distinguish primary in addition to secondary data:

1. Meaning, example, in addition to definition,
2. Data's originality,
3. Need of adjustment,
4. Data sources,
5. Type of data,
6. Methods used to collect data,
7. Obtained data's reliability,
8. The fourth dimension consumed,
9. Need of investigator,
10. Cost effectiveness,
11. When are the information collected?
12. Capability to solve a problem,
13. Suitability to encounter the requirement,
14. Bias or personal prejudice,
15. Who collects the data? And
16. Precaution earlier using the data.

Now let's compare primary in addition to secondary information on the inwards a higher house 16 points.

1. Meaning, example, in addition to definition

Primary information are fresh (new) information collected for the kickoff fourth dimension past times a researcher himself for a special purpose. It is a unique, first-hand in addition to qualitative information non published before. It is collected systematically from its house or source of beginning past times the researcher himself or his appointed agents. It is obtained initially equally a final result of research efforts taken past times a researcher (and his team) amongst about objective inwards mind. It helps to solve for certain problems concerned amongst whatsoever domain of selection or sphere of interest. Once it is used upwards for whatsoever required purpose, its master copy grapheme is lost, in addition to it turns into secondary data.

One must banknote that, fifty-fifty if the information is originally collected past times somebody else from its source for his study, but never used in addition to thus the collected information is called primary data. However, ane time used it turns into secondary data.

Imagine, y'all are visiting an unexplored cave to investigate in addition to afterwards recording its infinitesimal details to publish, is an representative of primary information collection.

Wessel's Definition of primary data,

“Data originally collected inwards the physical care for of investigation are known equally primary data.”

Secondary data, on the other hand, are information already collected past times others or somebody else in addition to afterwards used past times a researcher (or investigator) to reply their questions inwards hand. Hence, it is likewise called second-hand data. It is a ready-made, quantitative information obtained generally from dissimilar published sources similar companies' reports, statistics published past times government, etc. Here the required information is extracted from already known industrial plant of others (e.g. Published past times a bailiwick scholar or an organization, authorities agency, etc.). It is readily available to a researcher at his desk or house of work.

Assume, y'all are preparing a brief study on your country's population for which y'all receive got reference of the census published past times government, is an representative of secondary information collection.

Sir Wessel, defined secondary information inwards uncomplicated words as,

“Data collected past times other persons are called secondary data.”

Another Definition of secondary information inwards words of M. M. Blair,

“Secondary information are those which are already inwards existence in addition to collected for about other role than the answering of the query inwards hand.”

2. Data's originality

Primary information are collected past times a researcher (or investigator) at the house or source of its origin. These are master copy or unique information.

A researcher (or investigator) does the collection of secondary information from already existing industrial plant of others. These are neither originals nor unique information.

3. Need of adjustment

The primary information collection is done to attain about fixed objective, in addition to obtained amongst about focus inwards mind. Hence, it doesn't demand whatsoever prior adjustment earlier getting used to satisfy the role of an inquiry.

Secondary information collected are genuinely the operate of someone else done for about other purposes. It is non focused to encounter the objective of the researcher. As a result, it needs to endure properly adjusted in addition to arranged earlier making its actual use. Only after proper adjustment, it tin endure accustomed to about extend for achieving the aim of a researcher.

4. Data sources

Primary information are collected systematically through next activities:

1. By conducting surveys,
2. Taking in-depth interviews of respondents (These are individuals who give necessary information to the interviewer),
3. Through experimentation,
4. By direct observations,
5. Ethnographic research (It primarily involves the study of an ethnic grouping of people in addition to their respective culture),
6. Focus groups,
7. Participatory research, etc.

The collection of secondary information is from internal in addition to external published sources.

Internal sources of secondary information are:

1. Company's accounts,
2. Sales figures,
3. Reports in addition to records,
4. Promotional campaigns' data,
5. Customers' feedback,
6. Cost information,
7. Marketing activities, thus on.

External sources of secondary information include:

1. Data published past times country's central, province in addition to local governments,
2. Data fifty-fifty published past times unusual governments,
3. Publications released past times international organizations (like the IMF, WHO, ILO, UNO, WWF, etc.) in addition to their subsidiary bodies,
4. Reports prepared past times diverse commissions in addition to other appointed committees,
5. Results of research operate published past times research institutions, universities, bailiwick scholars, economists, etc.,
6. Books, newspapers, in addition to magazines,
7. Reports in addition to journals of merchandise unions, industries, in addition to draw of piece of work organisation associations,
8. Information released past times a key bank, stock exchanges, etc.,
9. Public libraries,
10. Archives, Directories, Databases, in addition to Indexes,
11. Old historical records,
12. Online websites, blogs, in addition to forums.

Note: Sometimes, though rarely, fifty-fifty unpublished information even thus available inwards role records tin likewise endure used for secondary data.

5. Type of data

Primary information supply qualitative data. It way it gives information on subjective quality-related features similar look, feel, taste, lightness, heaviness, etc., of whatsoever object or phenomenon nether research or inquiry.

On the contrary, secondary data, supply quantitative data. In other words, it gives information close an object or lawsuit inwards a numerical, statistical in addition to tabulated shape similar inwards percentages, lists, tables, etc.

6. Methods used to collect data

Methods used to collect primary information are equally follows:

1. Observation, experimentation in addition to interview method,
2. The direct personal investigation,
3. The indirect oral-investigation,
4. Information collected through schedules in addition to questionnaires (sets of questions) via enumerator's (a survey personnel involved inwards counting in addition to listing) method in addition to mailing method,
5. Information obtained from correspondents or local sources,
6. Some other youngster methods:
   1. The analysis of the content,
   2. Consumer panels,
   3. Use of mechanical devices,
   4. Pantry audits,
   5. Distributor or shop audits,
   6. Projective Techniques (PT),
   7. Warranty cards, etc.

The primary methods used to collect secondary information are:

1. Desk research methods,
2. Search on the Internet,
3. Going through media generated past times consumers in addition to their groups, thus on.

7. Obtained data's reliability

Primary information are to a greater extent than reliable than secondary data. It is because primary information are collected past times doing master copy research in addition to non through secondary sources that may bailiwick to about errors or discrepancies in addition to may fifty-fifty comprise out-dated information.

Secondary information are less reliable than primary data. It is so, since, based on research operate done past times others in addition to non past times the researcher himself. Here, verification of published information cannot endure ever confirmed accurately equally all references used may non endure available or mentioned inwards detail.

8. The fourth dimension consumed

Reliability of primary information comes at the expense of fourth dimension it consumes. It is because its collection goes through the next steps:

1. First, the researcher makes a sample (i.e. List of respondents to approach).
2. Then he prepares a questionnaire (i.e. Containing a laid of questions to endure asked to respondents).
3. Later, he appoints in addition to trains a squad of plain interviewers who are supposed to interview the respondents.
4. Finally, the researcher has to analyze the collected information past times interviewers in addition to push clit a conclusion from it.

Accomplishment of the inwards a higher house physical care for is non a quick task, is a time-consuming one.

On the contrary, collection of secondary information consumes less fourth dimension compared to primary data. It is because secondary information collection is generally made without interviews equally follows:

1. Here, a researcher relies heavily on ready-made information in addition to collects it from internal in addition to external published sources (see the betoken no.4).
2. He depends on already analyzed in addition to concluded information past times someone else to larn an agreement of his bailiwick topic or research interest.
3. He doesn't waste product fourth dimension appointing plain interviewers in addition to waiting for their data.

He saves his precious operate hours, and, equally a result, it takes him less fourth dimension to collect secondary data.

9. Need of investigator

Collection of primary information needs availability of trained researchers or investigators. Further, they likewise demand to endure adequately supervised in addition to controlled.

If the availability of trained investigators in addition to terms involved inwards hiring them is a problem, in addition to thus inwards such a case, secondary methods of information collection are recommended. Its information collection doesn't demand to hire them.

10. Cost effectiveness

Primary information collection needs the appointment of a squad that mainly comprises of researchers, plain interviewers, information analysts, thus on. Hiring of these experts in addition to other additional costs, demands to a greater extent than funds to endure allocated to consummate research operate on time. For this reason, it is a costly affair.

The secondary information collection doesn't require the appointment of such a team. Here, since no experts hired, terms is minimized. As a result, it is real economical.

11. When are the information collected?

Collection of primary information starts when secondary information seems insufficient to solve problems associated amongst the research. The researcher kickoff uses secondary data, if he finds that collected information from secondary sources, is inadequate, entirely in addition to thus decides to collect primary data.

The secondary information collection is the priority in addition to economical selection for most researchers to solve an identified employment or reply objects of inquiry. Here, most information extraction is done in addition to if about information is unavailable entirely in addition to thus a conclusion to deport primary research is taken.

12. Capability to solve a problem

Primary information are fresh (new), master copy (unique), to a greater extent than accurate (almost correct), verified (confirmed), satisfies a requirement (as needed), up-to-date in addition to electrical current (latest). It gives the required information. For this reason, it is to a greater extent than capable of solving a problem.

Secondary data, on the other hand, may endure less accurate or riddled amongst errors or discrepancies, non straight related (inconsistent) in addition to fifty-fifty outdated (not latest). It gives entirely supporting in addition to non the required information. As a result, it is less capable of solving a problem.

13. Suitability to encounter the requirement

Primary information are suitable to encounter the objects of research because these are collected using systematic methods.

Collection of secondary information may or may non fulfill the actual requirement of a researcher.

14. Bias or personal prejudice

There is a possibility of personal prejudice or bias creeping inwards piece collecting primary information because of the direct involvement of an investigator.

The possibility of prejudice is absent inwards secondary information because the information is non collected at kickoff manus and, for this reason, is non subjected to whatsoever bias.

15. Who collects the data?

A researcher (an investigator) or his appointed agents collect the primary data.

Anyone, other than those who get together primary information collects secondary data.

16. Precaution earlier using the data

The primary information collection is done systematically past times a researcher himself or his agents equally instructed amongst groovy care, requirement, planning, organisation in addition to followed past times verification of the obtained information. It is less probable that such a well-processed information is bailiwick to errors.

For this reason, no extra precautions are necessary piece using primary data.

On the other hand, secondary data, since collected past times others for dissimilar purposes may endure inconsistent (not equally required), outdated, unverified, subjected to whatsoever errors or mistakes, etc. As a result, immense aid must endure taken piece ane is considering using it. If used without precaution, it may receive got an adverse impact on the lineament of one's research in addition to impact its credibility to a groovy extent.

Conclusion

We tin conclude that whatsoever information stay data, whether termed equally a primary or secondary. What classifies it from ane about other is the flat of detachment from its source in addition to how it is beingness collected (whether equally first-hand or second-hand) in addition to used.

Any information larn primary if it is kickoff gathered past times collecting agency, in addition to the same information becomes secondary if it is used afterwards past times the residual of the world.

For example, information collected past times an election commission are primary for it, in addition to the same laid of information is secondary for all except it.

Thus, Secrist lucidly describes this equally follows,

“The distinction betwixt primary in addition to secondary information is ane of the degrees. Data primary inwards the hands of ane political party may endure secondary inwards the hands of others.”

References (10)

References used in addition to suggested reading for deeper understanding:

1. Research Methodology: Methods in addition to Techniques; past times C. R. Kothari.
2. Research Methodology: Data Presentation; past times medico Y. K. Singh.
3. Research Methodology: past times medico C. Rajendar Kumar.
4. Research Methodology in addition to Statistical Analysis (for M. Com); past times S.C. Aggarwal in addition to S.K. Khurana.
5. Statistics for Economics in addition to Indian economical development; For Class 11; past times T. R. Jain in addition to V. K. Ohri.
6. Statistics for Economics; Class 11; past times medico D. P. Jain.
7. International Business; 4^th Edition; past times Les Dlabay, James Scott.
8. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation; 5^th Edition; By Naresh K. Malhotra in addition to Satya Bhushan Dash.
9. Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations; 10^th Edition; past times Gilbert A. Churchill, Jr in addition to Dawn Iacobucci.
10. Office Organization in addition to Management; 2^nd Edition; past times S. P. Arora.