Difference betwixt Intermittent as well as Continuous Production System Difference betwixt intermittent as well as continuous production system ; based on 10 points. Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. Nature of product. Flexibility of process. Scale of production. Per unit of measurement cost. Range of products. Instructions. Staff. Storage of concluding products. Location change. Capital invested. Now let's distinguish intermittent as well as continuous production system. Nature of product : In intermittent production system , goods are produced based on client orders as well as non for stocking. In continuous production system , goods are produced based on need forecast as well as for stocking. Flexibility of process : In intermittent production system, production procedure is flexible. The production pattern goes on changing. In continuous production system, production procedure is non flexible. It is standardized. The same production is manufactured continuou

Steps or Procedure of Routing inwards Production Following icon depicts principal steps or physical care for of routing inwards production . Following of import steps are involved inwards the physical care for of routing: Product analysis determines what to industry together with purchase. Product-analysis is done 1 time to a greater extent than to determine materials required for production. Fix the manufacturing operations together with their sequences. Decide the set out of units to live on manufactured inwards a batch (lot). Estimate the margin of scarp inwards each lot of production. Analyze the production cost. Prepare production command forms for effective routing. Prepare a split upwards route-sheet for each order. Now let's hash out to a higher house steps inwards routing. 1. Product analysis Product analysis is the commencement pace inwards the routing procedure. This is done to detect out what parts (goods) should live on manufactured together with what pa

Steps inwards Production Planning as well as Control According to the British Standards Institute, in that place are 4 stages, steps, techniques or essentials inwards the physical care for of production planning as well as control. The 4 stages or steps inwards production planning as well as command are: Routing, Scheduling, Dispatching, and Follow-up. Initial 2 steps i.e. Routing as well as Scheduling, relate to production planning. Last 2 steps i.e. Dispatching as well as Follow-up, relate to production control. Now let's hold our give-and-take farther to empathize each stair inwards detail. 1. Routing Routing is the get-go stair inwards production planning as well as control. Routing tin post away last defined equally the physical care for of deciding the path (route) of locomote as well as the sequence of operations. Routing fixes inwards advance: The quantity as well as character of the product. The men, machines, materials, etc. to last used. The type, number as

Functions of Production Planning as well as Control Functions of production planning as well as control are listed as well as explained below. The importance or functions of production planning as well as control: Utilizes resources effectively. Makes menses of production steady. Estimates production resources. Maintains necessary stock levels. Coordinates departmental activities. Minimizes wastage of resources. Improves task efficiency. Helps to appear upwards competition. Provides improve piece of job environment. Facilitates character improvement. Customer satisfaction. Reduces production costs. Now let's speak over inwards a higher house listed functions of production planning as well as control. 1. Utilizes resources effectively Production planning as well as command outcome inwards effective utilization of found capacity, equipment as well as resources. It results inwards low-cost as well as high-returns for the organization. 2. Makes menses of productio

Relationship Between Production Planning in addition to Control Production planning in addition to control are closely related to 1 another. They instruct mitt inward mitt in addition to are supplementary inward character. Ten points explicate the human relationship betwixt production planning in addition to control: Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. Meaning. Goals. Course of action. Work performance. Operations. Resources. Directions. Weaknesses. Let's hash out “ How production planning in addition to command are related? ” 1. Meaning According to Ray Wild , “Production planning is concerned amongst the determination, acquisition in addition to organisation of all facilities necessary for hereafter operations.” Fixing goals of production in addition to estimating resources required to attain this destination is called production planning. It forecasts private footstep inward the production process. It helps to attain production goals effectively, promptly in add

Definition of Productivity The definition of productivity according to management proficient Peter Drucker. “Productivity agency the remainder betwixt all factors of production that volition hand the greatest output for the smallest effort.” Productivity is expressed or measured equally a mathematical segmentation of 2 of import parameters (functions) viz., output as well as input. The concept of productivity is depicted inward the next illustration. Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. Meaning of Productivity Productivity is a human relationship betwixt output as well as input. It is expressed or measured equally a ratio of output as well as input. In other words, it equals output divided past times input. Some examples of productivity criterion are equally follows: Productivity of a manufacturing unit of measurement tin live on measured inward damage of the release of goods produced inward closed to fixed sum of fourth dimension (usually inward hours). Generally, productivity o

Guidelines for determining functioning dimensions Guidelines for determining performance dimensions are depicted below. The dimensions of functioning must hold out every bit follows: Performance dimensions (Quantity & Quality) must hold out fixed inwards advance. Dimensions must hold out clearly defined in addition to easily understood past times employees. They must hold out consistent amongst the icon or goodwill of the company. Quality standards must hold out set downwardly fifty-fifty for inputs. Workers must hold out properly trained most functioning dimensions of company. Mission contestation in addition to philosophy of an scheme must include it. Now let's speak over guidelines for determining functioning dimensions. 1. Fixed inwards advance Performance dimensions most lineament in addition to quantity must hold out specified or fixed inwards advance. This volition conduct the employees because they know just how much lineament in addition to quantity of outp

Classification of Performance Dimensions A dimension is a measurable extent of whatsoever kind. It is commonly measured inwards price of diverse extends similar shape, size, character in addition to quantity. The surgical operation dimensions tin last classified into following: Quantity - which is the principal dimension of performance. Quality - which is the secondary dimension of performance. Image below depicts this classification of surgical operation dimensions. Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. 1. Quantity is Primary Dimension of Performance Quantity of output is the principal dimension of performance. Examples of “ How principal dimension (Quantity) is measured? ”: Manufacturing unit : Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 principal dimension for a manufacturing unit of measurement is the quantity of output produced inside a given fourth dimension period. Higher the output to a greater extent than is the efficiency of workers. Company : Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 prin

Advantages of Work Sampling The benefits or advantages of work sampling method are every bit follows: Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. Work sampling gives an unbiased number since workmen are non nether unopen observation. A run sampling report may hold upwardly interrupted at whatever fourth dimension without affecting the results. Work sampling tin hold upwardly conducted past times anyone amongst express training. There is no necessitate to bring experts. Team run tin hold upwardly studied past times run sampling as well as non past times the time-study. Work sampling is economical as well as less time-consuming than fourth dimension study. This is because to a greater extent than than i worker tin hold upwardly studied at the same time. Secondly, observer needs non to hold upwardly acquaint himself for a long time. Disadvantages of Work Sampling The limitations or disadvantages of run sampling method are every bit follows: Image credits © Prof. Mudit Katyani. Work s

Work Measurement Techniques Image depicts unlike work measurement techniques, methods or types. Work mensuration techniques are listed below: Historical information method - It uses the past times functioning information to laid functioning standards. Time report - It uses terminate spotter together with is best suited for short-cycle repetitive jobs. Work sampling - Here, workers are observed many times at random. Synthesis method - Here, the sum labor is divided into chemical gene or parts. Predetermined motility fourth dimension organisation (PMTS) - Here, normally, iii times are fixed for i labor namely; normal, fast, together with very-fast. Analytical estimating - It is used for fixing the criterion fourth dimension for jobs, which are real long together with repetitive. Now let’s utter over to a greater extent than to a higher house techniques of move measurement. 1. Historical information method Historical information method uses the past-performance data. Here, pas

Definition of Work Measurement According to International Labour Organization “Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to constitute the fourth dimension taken for a qualified worker to acquit out a specified chore (task) at a defined marking (rate) of performance.” International Labour Organization ( ILO ) stated this of import definition of locomote measuring inwards its publication. Now let's locomote along to know the important of locomote measurement. Meaning of Work Measurement The important of locomote measuring is mainly based on 3 telephone commutation steps. Work measuring agency to: Find out the dissimilar elements (parts) of the production physical care for (job). Find out the fourth dimension taken yesteryear each element. Fix the measure fourth dimension for performing the production process. For example, publishing a mass is a production process. There are many elements, which are involved inwards the publication of a book. In other word

Standards Required at Various Levels of Production Standards are fixed at diverse levels of production . This is done to ensure approximately minimum expected output inwards the production process. Standards are established to hold a production efficiency. These aid to optimally utilizing diverse factors of production together with accomplish approximately fixed amount of output inwards terms of both; lineament together with quantity. Important standards required at diverse levels of production are listed below. Individual Standards. Departmental Standards. Plant Standards. Following points speak over these standards inwards detail. 1. Individual Standards Individual measure is the output expected from an average-worker nether average working atmospheric condition for a given menstruation of time. Generally, private standards are fixed for all employees inwards the organization, peculiarly at the lowest level. The private measure of a worker is the output which he must create

Methods of Conducting a Marketing Audit Marketing audit is an exam of the marketing activities of company. It must locomote conducted yesteryear impartial persons. Auditors must locomote properly qualified, trained too experienced plenty to produce the audit. They must accept a consummate noesis too exposure of marketing. Image below depicts the methods of conducting a marketing audit. Following methods are used to acquit a marketing audit: Outside auditor : Company appoints an exterior auditor to acquit a marketing audit. Task strength audit : Company selects a squad of its ain senior executives to acquit a marketing audit. Self audit : In this method, marketing manager of a society conducts a marketing audit. Audit from above : Here, a senior executive of society (for example, a Director) is appointed to acquit a marketing audit. Now let's discuss, “ How is marketing audit conducted? ” 1. Outside auditor In this method, the society tin laissez passer the axe appoint

Scope, Areas or Types of Marketing Audit There are no fixed guidelines regarding the scope, areas or types of marketing audit . In other words, the reach of marketing audit is non fixed. It changes from companionship to company. Each companionship tin dismiss brand its ain marketing audit plan. However, the reach of marketing audit must include the next areas or types: The half dozen of import types of marketing audit are: Marketing Environment Audit. Marketing Strategy Audit. Marketing Organization Audit. Marketing Systems Audit. Marketing Productivity Audit. Marketing Function Audit. Now let's hash out each primary surface area or type of marketing audit. 1. Marketing Environment Audit Marketing Environment Audit consists of the external surround of company. It includes natural environment, economical environment, political environment, demographic environment, etc. The marketing audit analyses the marketing consumer, competitors, suppliers, too thus on. This audit hel

Explain the Characteristics of Marketing Audit The 8 of import characteristics of marketing audit are depicted below. The salient features or characteristics of marketing audit are equally follows: Marketing audit is a comprehensive written report of all marketing activities. It is a systematic-process that follows a step-by-step procedure. It is a periodic activity together with must hold upward conducted regularly. It is conducted yesteryear an independent soul who is non from company. It is a critical review of marketing activities of company. It is an evaluation of marketing activities of company. It finds out marketing opportunities together with weaknesses of company. It is a preventative together with curative marketing medicine. Now let's briefly hash out or explicate each characteristic of marketing audit. 1. Comprehensive study Marketing audit is a comprehensive or consummate written report of all the marketing activities of company. It studies the marketin